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The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. LS23 6AD Continue with Recommended Cookies. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. . During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Boston House, She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. - rebelling of scottish lords. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of The English also had better tactics that were more effective. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Died: 24 March 1603. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Topic guides / As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Spanish invasion plans. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). West Yorkshire, J. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Foreign Affairs. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Boston Spa, Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. France was at war with England and Spain. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. From there we will look at the career . The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Doodle's Point of View Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Best Answer. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Boston Spa, With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. West Yorkshire, As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Born: 7 September 1533. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Why religious compromise was so difficult. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Copy. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Become a Member | Boston House, The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . As such, I disagree with the statement. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She was a Protestant. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth I: a biography. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. 1. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. King Philip of Spain sent an. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Write a paragraph or two. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Save. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with.