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From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. The EMB plate is also selective for gram-negative bacteria which is probably why the bacteria didnt grow on it. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism. M. luteus is part of the normal flora of the human skin.Transmission and DiseaseM. Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Reduction of O2 produces superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, or the hydroxyl radical. Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. Staphylococcus spp. Retrieved 22:17, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, Your email address will not be published. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. Micrococcus luteus. The colony forms as a yellow, shiny round blob. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". Then to actually isolate a bacterium, I chose a colony from the initial plate and did a quadrant streak of it to further isolate the bacterium, and then incubated it at 38 degrees Celsius for a week. The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus The optimum growth temperature is 25-37C. The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. The API 20 Strep test I used came up with no conclusive results. Microbiome 2(27). The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . Bharath. Micrococcus spp. The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. The GC content of the DNA ranges from about 65 to 75 mol%. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). 2002). Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. They are usually normal flora but can be opportunistic pathogens in certain immunocompromised patients. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci referred to as viridans (green) streptococci are examples of bacteria producing alpha-hemolysis. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. It has multiple antibiotic resistance genes including dihydropteroate synthase, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, and SSU ribosomal proteins. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. 2014). CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. Millions of microbes live both on and in the human body and can both make help us survive or make us sick, less than 1% of bacteria cause disease (What are microbes, 2010). DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . Micrococcus luteus is a coccus shaped gram-positive bacteria. It has been isolated from human skin. I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). Staphylococcus spp. Gram Staining. Staphylococci are either producers of the enzyme coagulase or non-producers. Micrococcaceae. luteus is capable of surviving in environments Washington, DC 20001 The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Its genome has a high G + C content. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. Enterococcus faecalis. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2). Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. ? Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. Micrococcus spp. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. We will discuss this shortly. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. This fits well with where I sampled my bacterium from, as a shower drain is a place where both dust and water would accumulate, along with residues of skin glands from showering. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. This microbe is coccus shaped and forms in tetrads. The micrococci produce tetrads consisting of 4 cocci clustered together. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. Micrococcus luteus uses the amino acids and does not grow in the butt of the slant. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. appear as agents of infection causing endocarditis. Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. 2019). In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 They are catalase and oxidase positive whereas urease negative. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. This microbe forms large, round colonies. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin, Micrococcus Luteus Gram Stain Characteristics, Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. 2. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. Micrococcus species occur in a wide range of environments, including dust, water, and soil. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. Examples of the colony morphology associated with each family is represented on this slide. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. Staphylococcus aureus. Wieser et al. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. It is an opportunistic pathogen, only pathogenic enough to cause disease in weakened immune systems (Medical Laboratories). M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). 2002 can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I represented by the type strain of Micrococcus luteus; biovar II represented by strain D7 DSM 14234 CCM 4959; and biovar III . If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Simple biochemical tests like the one above have always been an important aid to identification of bacteria, because the different bacterial groups and species have characteristic metabolic activities. Date: FEB.11.2016 Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide An interesting remaining family member, Microoccus antarcticus, was isolated from Antarctica, and is capable of growing at 4C. The sequencing of Micrococcus luteus was supported because of its major potential role in the case of bioremediation and its importance in the field of biotechnology. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. It may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. I also did a fluid thioglycolate test to determine the bacterias oxygen class. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. Most of the species produce carotenoid pigments. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adults. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. It is reported here that gliotoxin selectively spares a unique class of haemopoietic stem cell that forms large (HPP) colonies in the presence of mixtures of MCSF and IL3. The API 20 E test strip results revealed nothing about what the isolate uses as an electron acceptor because every result was negative, and that it likely only uses glucose as an energy and carbon source and oxygen as its electron acceptor. Organisms commonly found on the body include Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium species (Dermnet New Zeland). Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . Micrococcus lutues are Gram positive cocci that are 0.5 to 3.5 m in diameter and arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. Micrococcus spp. To sample, I used sterile cotton swabs and streaked them on TSA plates. They contain cytochromes and are resistant to lysostaphin. // The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. 2. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Gamma or no hemolysis results in no characteristic display in the vicinity of the colony. The microbiome of the nose. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. Required fields are marked *. They are indole negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and citrate negative. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? For example, Micrococcus varians is now known as Kocuria varians. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Abstract Micrococcus luteus IFO 3333 cells, both treated with chemical reagents and non-treated, were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. The PYRA, PAL, LAP, RIB, ARA, MAN, and TRE tests came up as positive. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly they are aerobic cocci that are belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. This is termed alpha () hemolysis and results in a greenish color surrounding the colony. Figure 1. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin virus when they are grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. Micrococcus spp. Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. 2023 Universe84a.com | All Rights Reserved, Blog: Microbiology and infectious disease, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test: Introduction, Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes, Anti -TPO Antibody: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes, HPV Genes detection using Real-Time PCR: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Keynotes, Microbiology Reporting Techniques: Introduction, List of Templates, and Keynotes, Acetamide Utilization Test: Introduction, Composition, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887570/UK_SMI_ID_07i4.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus, https://europepmc.org/article/med/14576986, https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(13)01146-2/fulltext. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4].