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French has 89% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% similarity with Sardinian (spoken on the Italian island of Sardinia), 78% similarity with Romansh (spoken in parts of Switzerland) and 75% similarity with Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish. Ive almost never heard it in Lviv, except by visiting villagers or old people. Slovenian: 20% It is not true that Shtokavian which I speak is not mutually intelligible with Torlakian of southern Serbia. I dismiss some of the wilder conspiracy stuff out of hand. However, another view is that Lach is indeed Lechitic, albeit with strong Czech influence. Ukrainian much less comprehensible. Ja u raditi, for me, sounds more Croatian and Bosnian or at least archaic, and Serbians from Bosnia and Croatia also speaks in that way. There is much nonsense floating around about Serbo-Croatian or Shtokavian. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. Interesting article but I think there are some minor and some major mistakes and misunderstandigs. I think it was mostly due to a learning few high frequency Polish words that are difficult for a Russian native speaker to understand. What I took as Czech speaking Czech language, which I perfectly understand, was actually Czech who tries to speaks Polish. Pannonian Rusyn lacks full intelligibility of Rusyn proper. In recent years, many of the German words are falling out of use and being replaced by Polish words, especially by young people. Vitebsk State University. I think that nowadays people from Ni also dont understand that Serbian enough. Despite all of this, Ukrainian and Russian aren't the closest languages in the Slavic language family, and they're not even mutually intelligible. They understand almost nothing. In the case of transparently cognate languages officially recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in the context of the communication. Those 12% in Polish are very dubious as well. Ive watched that movie on a croatian television with the croatian subtitle and understood that movie much much better, though Croatian also has a little differences. As a non-Ukrainian (as well as non-Polish) native speaker, I can understand Ukrainian through Polish more easily than Russian, even though I actually studied Russian formally, but never Ukrainian-:) . I got that figure from a Serb. Eastern Slovak may have 72% intelligibility of Ukrainian. 4. PS More than half of Slovenian seems to be closely related to Kaikavian and Chakavian Croatian (and probably Old Shtokavian which is almost extinct). Slovenian language might be closer to the Macedonian/Bulgarian than to the Serbian language. Not true about Czech / Slovak inteligibility. Other factors that one has to keep in mind is recent (and not so recent, too) history and its linguistic implications on speakers for instance, Slovaks older that about 20 dont have much trouble understanding Czech because Czech was pretty intrusive if not dominant in official and intercommunal use in Czechoslovakia until its collapse. One of the most bizarre cases is that of Bulgarian, where the level of mutual intelligibility with spoken Czech is very low (close to zero), due to a completely different grammar. In addition, a Net search was done of forums where speakers of Slavic languages were discussing how much of other Slavic languages they understand. So you believe the 9/11 narrative? Linguistic distance is the relative degree of difference between languages or dialects. As an addendum, Id like to make it known that my own grandmother, who hails from a village some twenty kilometers southwest of Ni, got lost in Belgrade once but has no problem getting around Skopje. Hag_Boulder 9 mo. Ukrainian is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus (10th-13th century). Basically, you only hear a series of consonants with hardly recognizable vowels. Personal communication. I think the OP exagerated a bit. But akavian being archaic it has old slavic package. So if you believe the fantastic conspiracy theory that 19 hijackers some have been discovered to be still alive were able to hijack 4 commercial planes for hours uninterrupted armed only with boxcutters and crash them into US largest and with the Pentagon most well guarded which has its own missile defence and radar system buildings on US? The latter is heavily mixed with Shtokavian. Most people in the region speak Russian with a few Ukrainian words. For instance, in 1932, Ukrainian g was eliminated from the alphabet in order to make Ukrainian h correspond perfectly with Russian g. After 1991, the g returned to Ukrainian. . These figures were tallied up for each pair of languages to be tabulated and were then all averaged together. Russian is also 85% mutually intelligible with Belarusian and Ukrainian in . https://www.academia.edu/4080349/Mutual_Intelligibility_of_Languages_in_the_Slavic_Family IOW, I think there are two languages Czech and Slovak and I do not agree that they are the same language with two dialects. Maybe it is true for two persons from the opposite end of the dialect continium (Hrvatsko Zagorje and Strumica), that have never been out of their villages and try to communicate on their respective native dialects. The written languages differ much more than the spoken ones. You cannot simply separate the articles from the words during a regular conversation. The diffete. 3. It is not that hard. The British Academy funded research project dedicated to examining mutual intelligibility between Karakalpak, Kazakh and Uzbek languages is currently under way at the, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 16:40. Jen. Linguistic distance is the name for the concept of calculating a measurement for how different languages are from one another. In essence, such kinds of bilingualism also improve understanding of other, unrelated Slavic languages, since two Slavic languages fill in the comprehension gaps. Robert does look at these stories. A Moravian Czech speaker (Eastern Czech) and a Bratislavan Slovak (Western Slovak) speaker understand each other very well. Heres his interview with Bosnian figures, and Bosnian is part of B/H/S landscape Is Ukrainian closer to Russian or Polish? So I understood 100% But I admit that it was a relatively very easy text. Macedonian is a little easier, since its more a transitional dialect between Bulgarian and Serbian. Serbo-Croatian has variable intelligibility of Macedonian, averaging ~55%, while Nis Serbians have ~90% intelligibility with Macedonian. Russian is followed by Polish with over 40 million speakers, Ukrainian with 33 million and Czech with 13 million. Ukrainian and Belarusian are the closest languages, as together with Russian they form the East Slavic group of languages. Despite a lot of commonality between the dialects, the differences between them are significant. Northern Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia form a dialect continuum where two furthermost dialects have almost no mutual intelligibility. Foreign languages arent always as foreign as youd expect. Kajkavian, especially the ZagorjeKajkaviandialect around Zagreb, is close to theStajerskadialect of Slovene. He conducts his interviews in Macedonian, and as you can watch , his guests, be they bulgarians, serbs, bosnians, croats have no trouble understanding his questions. Recently a Croatian linguist forwarded a proposal to formally recognize Chakavian as a separate language, but the famous Croatian Slavicist Radoslav Katii argued with him about this and rejected the proposal on political, not linguistic grounds. Huchon, Mireille, Histoire de la langue franaise, pages 214 and 223. His level of understanding might be 90%, or 82%, 85%. For me personally, Serbian is very interesting, because it sounds like Macedonian, but a bit different because of the declensions. Between sources, you might find some claiming that two languages are mutually intelligible, while other sources claim those same languages arent. Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). It differs from the rest of Silesian in that it has undergone heavy Czech influence. Nevertheless, the ISO has recently accepted a proposal from the Kajkavian Renaissance Association to list the Kajkavian literary language written from the 1500s-1900 as a recognized language with an ISO code of kjv. But the language isnt problem. The Torlakian spoken in the southeast is different. Rather than 95%, or 85%. There are distinct regional variations of Arabic. This is simply not the case. Thanks for clearing this up! What is the basis on which your Serbian friend said that? How can you mesure intelligibility by using one single person. Score: 4.1/5 (68 votes) . Hello Mr Lindsay, It consists of at least four major dialects, Ekavian Chakavian, spoken on the Istrian Peninsula, Ikavian Chakavian, spoken in southwestern Istria, the islands of Bra, Hvar, Vis, Korula, and olta, the Peljeac Peninsula, the Dalmatian coast at Zadar, the outskirts of Split and inland at Gacka, Middle Chakavian, which is Ikavian-Ekavian transitional, and Ijekavian Chakavian, spoken at the far southern end of the Chakavian language area on Lastovo Island, Janjina on the Peljeac Peninsula, and Bigova in the far south near the border with Montenegro. I am communicating very often with speakers of the other Slavic languages, so I did an experiment and I tried to write something in Bulgarian for one first time. http://www.izviestija.info/izviestija/, I was born in Canada to a Serbian family and speak Serbian so I am a good control as I was never formally educated in Serbian and its grammar. Serbs did not have the same language contact with the Macedonian language as Macedonians with Serbocroatian did. The Answer, and Examples for 8 World Languages. Belarusian is closer to Polish and Ukrainian than Russian. BULGARIAN: Balgarskijat ezik e naj-rannijat pismeno dokumentiran slavjanski ezik. Portuguese has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Spanish, Galician, French and Italian. Its mainly in the weird Bulgarian grammar! Torlakians are often said to speak Bulgarian, but this is not exactly the case. These are 33 brand new symbols that you'd have . JohnUK. That information is in error. ????? If one takes the transitional dialects which make a triangle between Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, one can say that it is also one language. Probably, ja u da radim for Bosnians and Croatians sounds very Serbian. Because of all of this, tokavian speaker has a hard time understanding fast talking akavian speakers. So I understand Kajkavians and Slovenes except for a germanic package. Because they use different alphabets, German and Yiddish are only mutually intelligible when spoken. Spoken Bulgarian is very difficult to understand for other Slavs due to phonology and unique syllable stress. The grammar in both languages is similar, but, predictably, there are a few differences: While Ukrainian includes the past continuous tense, there are only three tenses in Russian (past, present and future). An example of equal treatment of Malaysian and Indonesian: the, List of dialects or varieties sometimes considered separate languages, List of languages sometimes considered varieties, North Germanic languages Mutual intelligibility, Learn how and when to remove this template message, considered separate languages only for political reasons, "Listening instruction and patient safety: Exploring medical English as a lingua franca (MELF) for nursing education", "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages", "Taking taxonomy seriously in linguistics: Intelligibility as a criterion of demarcation between languages and dialects", "uvalar: The Internal Classification & Migration of Turkic Languages", "Mutual Comprehensibility of Written Afrikaans and Dutch: Symmetrical or Asymmetrical? Id guess mutual intelligibility there is somewhere on the level of 75~80%, which is pretty pathetic. For instance, Portuguese and Spanish have a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility, but theyre technically separate languages. There are numerous intelligibility tests out there that work very well, or you can just ask native speakers to give you a %, and most of the honest ones will tell you; in fact, they will often differentiate between oh that is our language, they speak the same language as us, for dialects and then no, that is not our language, that is different, and they do not speak our language for separate languages. The revelation comes from General Musharrafs memoir, In the Line of Fire, which begins serialisation in The Times today and will further embarrass the White House at a time when relations between the US and Pakistan are already strained.. Pakistani intelligence chiefs are concerned that General Musharraf may jeopardise their relationship with British intelligence agencies after claiming that a convicted terrorist was once an MI6 informer. There is a big problem with this. Its specific czech and many foreiner has problem spelling it. Hutsul, Lemko, Boiko speech (small Ukrainian/Rusyn dialects) stangely enough, more comprehensible than standard Ukrainian. If the central varieties die out and only the varieties at both ends survive, they may then be reclassified as two languages, even though no actual language change has occurred during the time of the loss of the central varieties. Theres a good reason for this: mutual intelligibility. I also have formal training in several Slavic languages, which make most of them, except some of the Balkan ones, pretty much comprehensibe to me. . Same question, how much Chakavian can your average Shtokavian speaker understand in percentage? For instance, akavian Croatian is not intelligible with Standard Croatian. True MI testing does try to find virgin ears that have heard little of the other language and speak little or none of it. Not sure where did you get more similarity between Boyko dialects and Russian language? It has also been described as a transitional dialect between Polish and Slovak. 1. Bratislava speakers say that Kosice speech sounds half Slovak and half Ukrainian and uses many odd and unfamiliar words. Nice article, but I think there is a difference between spoken mutual intelligibility and different languages. However, a Croatian linguist has helped me write part of the Croatian section, and he felt that at least that part of the paper was accurate. These three languages have an 86% lexical similarity; that is, they share 86% of the same words. If you're russian you understand the meaning of what other is saying to a degree of around 80%. I work with Russians (dro. In the evening of the first day it reaches 93%, in a week 95%, all unsupervised, almost effortlessly, just by being there, watching, listening, talking and asking for an explanation here and there. Far Northeastern Slovak (Saris Slovak) near the Polish border is close to Polish and Ukrainian. A number of native speakers of various Slavic lects were interviewed about mutual intelligibility, language/dialect confusion, the state of their language, its history and so on. 0%? Score: 4.1/5 (74 votes) . Dont let the past politics fool you. For example we chakavians use a lot of words used in Polish, Ukrainian, Slovak etc but in standard Croatian those words are described as archaisms and instead words used in tokavian come from Turkish. It is estimated that there is 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% similarity with Catalan (spoken in Southern Spain), 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Ladin (spoken in Northern Italy) and 77% with Romanian. Regarding Polish and Russian there are many words with opposite meaning. I think (as a native Serbian speaker from south eastern Belgrade) the main difference between Serbian and Macedonian is that Macedonian doesnt have cases and have definite articles as well. Sorry for my English, Im still learning itespecially right word order. In the towns of Pirot and Vranje, it cannot be said that they speak Serbo-Croatian; instead they speak this Bulgarian-Serbo-Croatian mixed speech. Czech and Polish are incomprehensible to Serbo-Croatian speakers (Czech 10%, Polish 5%), but Serbo-Croatian has some limited comprehension of Slovak, on the order of 25%. It shows that Macedonians indeed grew up to certain extent as bilingual Macedonian-Serbian. At some point he probably became a rogue or double agent, General Musharraf says. However, leaving aside Kajkavian speakers, Croatians have poor intelligibility of Slovenian. The answer is that Izetbegovi is speaking too fast, he is often basically mumbling, and due to the different stress, I cannot identify, where the words start and end. An individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two languages are not very closely related.