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Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the abbreviated name Tonton in 1972. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities Breath, Eyes, Memory", "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD", "Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front Rvolutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)", "Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonton_Macoute&oldid=1136386311, Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. 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Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971. . The BRAC was disbanded after Batista fled to Spain in 1959 as communist forces moved into Havana. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. The hunt was on. A nine-year old child from one of them managed to escape but was later found and then brought to the Presidential Palace, where he was allegedly put to death by Franois Duvalier himself. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). A Macoute from the Duvalier era. As of August 2004, the minister of Justice had asked for the United Nations and the OAS participation in carrying out forensic analysis. [17], The Tontons Macoute were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 presidential referendum, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent 1,320,748 to 0, electing him to another term. The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. In the episode, Doakes has an altercation with Jacques Bayard, a past member of Tonton Macoute. Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. 3, pp. The Oprichnikis methods of torture and execution ranged from impalement, boiling victims alive, roasting them over an open flame and even drawing and quartering them. President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. [4], On New Year's Eve Romain, who had taken refuge in the embassy of the Dominican Republic after the September coup, was granted safe passage out of the country, having been granted political asylum by the Dominican Republic. By Jolibois, Grard, LExcution des frres Coicou, Port-au-Prince, Le Natal, 1988. 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. 196, 1998. Jean-Bertrand Aristide had not been sworn in yet when this event took place, and the interim government was led by Mrs. Trouillot, a civilian. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"). Fifty years on, the victims of Duvalier pre can only evoke these atrocities ceremonially, while a few of those who suffered similarly under his son were recently able to briefly face him in court. With such numbers, every aspect of East German life was infiltrated; schools, hospitals and industrial plants all maintained informants, as did every apartment building in East Germany. 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. According to Danroc and Roussire (1995: 21), 60 other individuals were killed in the dpartement (district) of Artibonite alone, also in an attempt to obstruct the election. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. Roadblocks were set up. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. 7, New York, 1996. [6] Renda, Mary, Taking Haiti, Military Occupation and the Culture of US Imperialism, 1915-1940, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Their executions were summary and swift, and most often evidence was sparring at best. Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. The few -- like Montas, who was arrested on Jean Claude Duvalier's orders, on November 28, 1980 -- who have been able to file complaints or testify, represent a small percentage of those who were arrested, jailed, tortured, or killed under the younger's Duvalier regime. Those condemned included Castra Cnafils, an army captain, and Jean Tatoune, a FRAPH member. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), [] 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Hati Jamais Plus! The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. The OCRB became a widely feared secret police and intelligence agency that showed little impunity when it came to those suspected of banditry, and soon the OCRB was essentially deciding at will, without trial, who would be tortured or executed of suspected crimes, guilty or not. NE 4; Vinyl LP). [12] This group answered to him only. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81-84; Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 21; ICHR, 1992). They were believed to have been abducted and killed by the MVSN, who were called the "Tontons Macoutes" as a result. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary 44 ratings5 reviews. Some will commemorate it on social media, on Twitter and Facebook. Il est sorti et dans le sentier les Tontons Macoute ont tir sur lui d'une voiture. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. In 1920, during hearings held by the US Navy, Lavoie was accused of this by other US officers. Amanus Mayette was under arrest, though no charges had been brought against him. The first six were adolescents. 82 no. Filan, Kenaz (2007). As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on Nov. 13, 2018 - perpetrated by G9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime - these more recent massacres are targeting unarmed civilians in popular neighborhoods that are bases of Lavalas opposition to the regime. Turits, Richard Lee, A World Destroyed, a Nation Imposed: the 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. One of the most brutal secret police forces as well, the Securitate was responsible for monitoring and spying on Romanian citizens, as well as their arrests, tortures and executions. I solemnly vowed to keep alive the memory of my departed cellmates." In 1918 and 1919, many Caco prisoners were systematically executed once they had been disarmed, following explicit, written orders (in Gaillard, 1981: 32-39, 49, 214, 307). 1916-1917. Duvalierism since Duvalier, NCHR/ Americas Watch Committee, October 1986. The regime of terror and assassinations imposed by the macoutesand the military continued but no large-scale killings occurred during this period. It was that of the sleeve designer. His goal, he said, was to prevent "this dark chapter in history from repeating itself.". State Against Nation. Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III. Lemoine, Patrick, Fort-Dimanche, Fort-la-Mort, CIDIHCA, 1996. Women were forced to dance and celebrate with the soldiers who stayed in the village. Men, women, children and elderly people were killed. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 1992, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1991, Washington, D.C., OEA, 1992. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). [6] Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast.[7][8]. With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. Released 21 May 1971 on Neon (catalog no. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Sign-up for our free weekly e-mail newsletter. The total number of victims in Port-au-Prince that day was at least 34, although an observer interviewed by the ICHR (1988: 84) quoted the figure of 200.