I went nuts sitting around, he wrote. She was breath-takingly gorgeous, even in black and white. Such class and elegance. Gardner used her considerable influence, particularly with Harry Cohn, to get Sinatra cast in his Oscar-winning role in From Here to Eternity (1953). (Photo by Silver Screen Collection/Getty Image) Agreed absolutely. Now, after the deaths of both Gardner and Evans, the results of their ava Gardner was IT! For years, many speculated that Ava Gardner was The One for Frank Sinatra. The next morning he asked her if she would marry him again. Her conduct in her personal life was condemned by the Vatican at the time. Before his death in 2012, Peter Evans wrote for the Daily Express, the Los Angeles Times, Vogue and many British newspapers. John Huston directed the movie in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, insisting on making the film in black and white a decision he later regretted because of the vivid colors of the flora. As a child growing up in North Carolina, she would often sit with African-American children in segregated parts of movie theaters. By then she was with rampant billionaire Howard Hughes anyway. Ava Gardner was previously married to Frank Sinatra (1951 - 1957), Artie Shaw (1945 - 1946) and Mickey Rooney (1942 - 1943). That same year, 1957, the actress starred as Lady Brett Ashley alongside Tyrone Power, in an adaptation of The Sun Also Rises. Gardner started and stopped composing her book several times, finally pursuing it because she was broke and didnt want to sell the jewelry that Sinatra and other She continued to act regularly until 1986, four years before her death in 1990, at the age of 67. The others were pretty but Elizabeth Taylor takes the cake. She had the prettiest, most regal looking side profile I have ever seen. The contrast b Hughes' trust in Gardner was what kept their relationship alive. She was only 67. Re-read my initial comment, 6/3/15 and was confusing Avas age w/ death date. "MGM had all sorts of penalty clauses about their stars having babies", according to her autobiography, which was published eight months after her death. She had two older brothers, Raymond and Melvin, and four older sisters, Beatrice, Elsie Mae, Inez and Myra. . Ava was wearing a skirt that revealed everything, she remembered. WebShe had 7 husbands and 8 marriages (1 man she married twice). Ben Tatar and Ava Gardner dated from 1973 to 1986. Ava Lavinia Gardner (December 24, 1922 January 25, 1990) was an American actress and singer. For me its Ava Gardner. And who wouldnt fall for that kind of woman, the ultimate femme fatale? Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Revisiting the Series Appalachians in Moving Pictures Appalachia Bare. All she had to do was walk towards the camera, turn and walk away, then arrange some flowers in a vase. Center, Shipping & John Huston and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1946. 225, "Learn about the history of the Ava Gardner Museum in Smithfield, NC", "Sexo, alcohol y fiesta en la Espaa de Franco y Ava Gardner", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ava_Gardner&oldid=1141987938, Activists for African-American civil rights, American expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom, People from Johnston County, North Carolina, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, TCMDb name template using numeric ID from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Sunset Memorial Park, Smithfield, North Carolina. Gardner and Evans's friendship subsequently cooled, and Evans left the project. I toldthem that i didn`t think so. Frank Sinatra lived until his early 80s, not seven yrs. Ava just walked out on him. He was scared. Was Evelyn Hugo's character inspired by real starlets from Old Hollywood? LETS GO TO THE MOVIES PETER PAN, MEDICINE MAN. Then she took another nude shower, this time out in the open, in front of everyone. When her father felt that her dancing could be featured in motion pictures, he moved the family to California. Gardner lost her beloved friend and outlived him for 30 more years, during which she never remarried. Evelyn also starred in Little Women opposite Celia St. James. This post may contain affiliate links that grant me a small commission at no extra cost to you. She is most remembered for The Killers (1946), Mogambo (1953), The Barefoot Contessa (1954). She described him as "painfully shy, completely enigmatic, and more eccentric than anyone [she] had ever met". Related Video:Dolly Partons Legendary Playboy Shoot. Ralph Kiner is rumoured to have hooked up with Janet Leigh (1962). Ava Gardner was in relationships with Ben Tatar (1973 - 1986), Prinz Alfonso von und zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1970 - 1972), George C. Scott (1964 - 1969), Claude Terrail (1961 - 1962), Tony Trabert (1959 - 1960), Jimmy Kind (1958 - 1959), Robert Evans (1957 - 1958), Walter Chiari (1955 - 1957), Mario Cabre (1950), Robert Walker (1948 - 1949), Robert Taylor (1948 - 1953), Howard Duff (1947 - 1950), Chris Peterson (1944) and Howard Hughes (1943 - 1953). Wed been fooling around. LOCAL WRITER DORIS CANNON WROTE PERHAPS THE MOST HONEST BIOGRAPHY OF HER LIFE, INCLUDING LOCAL TEEN AND YOUTH ACCOUNTS, WHICH ALLOWED A FULLER PERSPECTIVE BOTH THE GIRL AS SHE BLOSSOMED AND THE AMBITIOUS WOMAN ACTRESS AS SHE DEVELOPED. Her parents, Mary Elizabeth "Molly" (ne Baker; 18831943) and Jonas Bailey Gardner (18781938), were poor tobacco sharecroppers. Evelyn and Elizabeth were both fodder for gossip columnists at the time and were in part remembered for their large number of marriages. Elizabeth Taylor had 7 husbands, Evelyn Hugo had 7 husbandsWhat other things do they have in common? Ralph Kiner and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1956. Brenda Shirey: Ava was not murdered. Why anyone would cheat on Ava Gardner mystified us then as it does today! David Remar and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1943. 1 year later they divorced on 21st May 1943. You can view Barnes & Nobles Privacy Policy, Buy One, Get One 50% Off Books for All Ages, Affiliate She then attended secretarial classes at Atlantic Christian College in Wilson for about a year. Her eyes, faceshape, body and attitudes made her a star. Duhan made the comment, "Somebody should send her info to MGM", and the Tarrs did so immediately. Rita Hayworth was originally born Margarita Carmen Cansino in Brooklyn, New York. When GCS was loaded, he was terrifyinghed beat the s out of me and have no idea next morning what hed done., Costar Robert Mitchum was a pothead. In 1990, she died from chronic lung disease and the lingering effects of a couple of strokes. Elizabeth had a rough patch where her addiction, and depression were getting the best of her. Yeah, I wish to see more of Ava in color when she was in her prime. In the 1980s, she acted primarily on television, including the miniseries remake of The Long, Hot Summer and in a story arc on Knots Landing (both 1985). [4][5][6], She was raised in the Baptist faith of her mother. Gene Tierney. Yes, I know she wasnt even nominated. But I dont care. OK, Ava as a second choice: MGM's first order of business was to provide her with a speech coach, as her Carolina drawl was nearly incomprehensible to them,[10] and Harriet Lee as her singing teacher.[11]. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in John Ford's Mogambo (1953), and for best actress for both a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for her performance in John Huston's The Night of the Iguana (1964). Taylor Jenkins Reid's 2017 historical fiction novel The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo has been and continues to be a huge success, making waves on the New York Times Best Seller list - partially due to its popularity on Book Tok. By 1943, Ava had divorced the little star, fed up with his continued adultery, but willing to keep quiet about it to save his career. She had humble origins from country living in North Carolina and I think she kept that which made her different than other actresses. Porfirio Rubirosa and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1946. An utterly opinionated, intellectual snob, Shaw once berated her for reading the best-selling novel Forever Amber. 1560 Vine Street http://www.latimes.com/includes/projects/hollywood/wof_stars/ava_gardner_motion_pictures.jpg. Avas parting words to her husband prior to their divorce were, You know Mick Im damn tired of living with a midget. Learn how your comment data is processed. Given the likes of Sophia Loren, Elizabeth Taylor, Marilyn Monroe, Brigitte Bardot and a couple of hundred more from the studio era alone, that is a pretty tall claim, but the camera certainly loved her. Ava Gardner is rumored to have hooked up with Richard Burton in 1963. Scott walked away and Ava went back to Spain. She was not to speak, primarily because her southern drawl was barely comprehensible anyway. Esther Williams recalled seeing her dancing the flamenco on a tabletop in Spain in the 1970s. Rossano Brazzi and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1954. After describing her language as like a sailor and a truck driver were having a competition, she threw a glass of champagne at him. She and Hedy were the most beautiful in those time. Both versions featured the same leading man, Clark Gable, a most unusual occurrence considering they were made twenty years apart. [31], A bout of pneumonia, after a lifetime of smoking, coupled with her underlying condition of lupus erythematosus brought on a stroke in 1986 that left Gardner partially paralyzed. I mean, learning lines, overcoming stage fright, sounding and moving naturally, and projecting emotion and confidence on screen, all sounds frightfully difficult to me. George C. Scott and Ava Gardner dated from 1964 to 1969. The 2018 Spanish television series Arde Madrid is a comedy-drama with thriller elements based on elements of Ava Gardner's life in Francoist Spain. Her husband, popular world-wide as Andy Hardy in a series of family films, was a serial womaniser. Gardner was 19 when she visited her sister in New York, and her brother-in-law, a photographer, made a portrait of Ava which he put in the window of his studio. People thought he was kidding, but he wasnt., Princess Grace Kelly was a tightwad, but she was good for it when she lost a bet. Claude Terrail and Ava Gardner had a relationship from 1961 to 1962. She had multiple marriages that didn't work out. Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, however, sent a telegram to Altman: "She can't sing, she can't act, she can't talk, she's terrific! she still looks damn good! Taylors face was too narrow with a weak jawline. Fred MacMurray and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1944. I truly doubt she was with most of these guys. She didnt give a single F! 8 Page-Turning & Retro Books Like Malibu Rising That Will Get You Out Of A Reading Slump, All Rights Reserved Roseglass Collective LLC | Roseglass Collective is a member of the amazon associates program. to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions. Her beauty which reportedly intimidated Elizabeth Taylor won her not just film roles and studio-paid acting lessons, but the attentions of all-American boy Mickey Rooney, whom she married and divorced before she turned 21. Before his death in 2012, Peter Evans wrote for the Daily Express, the Los Angeles Times, Vogue and many British newspapers. Frankly, I doubt it. [1], Ava Lavinia Gardner was born on December 24, 1922, in Grabtown, North Carolina,[2] the youngest of seven children. The footage was sent to L B Mayer at head office. Father of the Bride was directed by the great Vincente Minnelli and starred Spencer Tracy, Joan Bennett, Elizabeth Taylor, and Billie Burke. Great fan of hers. [28] Concerning politics, Gardner was a lifelong Democrat, and supported Adlai Stevenson II in the 1952 United States presidential election. Thanks, Sheila. He's so gentle. Throughout her life Ava swore like a navvy, not that this was a rarity in Hollywood, especially among the womenfolk. Their relationship ended in 1953, with the divorce finalizing in 1957. Action. Hollywood legend Mickey Rooney allegedly had an affair with Elizabeth Taylor when she was only 14-years-old and he was a married man in his mid-20s, a new biography about the late actor claims. The big love of her life, however, was singer Frank Sinatra. I dont think many women said no to Johnny. Husband Artie Shaw was emotionally abusive. An MGM scout spotted the photo, and she offered a contract by the production company. Paul Bryan and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1947. Off-camera, she could be witty and pithy, as in her assessment of director John Ford, who directed Mogambo ("The meanest man on earth. I always wonder about that. "It was a sort of madness, honey", she later said of the time. Screenshot of Ava Gardner and Burt Lancaster from the trailer for the film The Killers. But Gardner also had a wandering spirit, with a reckless streak and an insatiable appetite for booze and boys that would often lead to the most glamorous sort of disaster. In the engrossing Ava Gardner: Love is Nothing, biographer Lee Server documents a life filled with lust, love, and late-night shenanigans. Ava attended high school in Rock Ridge and she graduated from there in 1939. [3] In 1931, the teachers school closed, forcing the family to finally give up on their property dreams and move to a larger city, Newport News, Virginia, where Molly found work managing a boarding house for the city's many shipworkers. MGM head L B Mayer had already read him the riot act years before when 16 year-old Mickey was engaged in a full-blown affair with Irving Thalbergs widow, the thirty something Norma Shearer. Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1954. By January 1942, nineteen year-old Ava was married to 21 year-old Mickey, a match that was not made in heaven. He begins one chapter by announcing that "The size of Frank Sinatra's penis had been on my mind for weeks" (apparently because of a quote he'd read in Kitty Kelley's His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra). And they had a lot in common both were heavy drinkers and smokers, both had countless love affairs and more than one broken marriage. Sammy Davis Jr. is rumored to have hooked up with Ava Gardner in 1956. Now everyone wants to shock but her life was truly something His other books include Peter Sellers and Nemesis. Taylor Reids Retelling of your Story Try Dependent on Ava Gardners Individual Confessions. Ava was married 3 times, her last husband being Frank Sinatra. She increasingly felt that the studio controlled her and her life and the public's evisceration of her romantic dalliances hurt her image. Frank Sinatra and Ava Gardner - Tele Tydzie Magazine Pictorial [Poland] (23 December 2022), Ava Gardner and Mickey Rooney - Yours Retro Magazine Pictorial [United Kingdom] (July 2020), Mogambo - Clark Gable, Grace Kelly, Ava Gardner, Ava Gardner - Yours Retro Magazine Pictorial [United Kingdom] (April 2022), Frank Sinatra and Ava Gardner - Retro Magazine Pictorial [Poland] (August 2018), Prinz Alfonso von und zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg. And I still do. I never understood where that lavender color thing came from? Huntington Hartford and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1948. Ralph Kiner was previously married to Nancy Chaffee. Evelyn also starred in Little Women opposite Celia St. James. We went for a drive in the desert andreally tied one on. Fifteen bit parts later she received her first screen billing in Ghosts on the Loose (1943) and is featured by name on the theatrical poster. I never said another prayer". Gardner played her breakthrough part in 1946, starting in Robert Siodmaks The Killers, based on a short story of the same name, by Ernest Papa Hemingway. Something went wrong while submitting the form. [25] Her friendship with Hemingway led to her becoming a fan of bullfighting and bullfighters, such as Luis Miguel Domingun, who became her lover. She never did learn acting as such, although over the years she became quite accomplished in the art. At the end of her life, Evelyn Hugo enlists the help of Monique Grant in helping to write her life story. Ava Gardner is a member of the following lists: American film actors, American women singers and American television actors. Hollywood legend Ava Gardner spilled her guts to biographer Peter Evansfor a bituntil the plug got pulled on their collaboration on her memoirs. At one of their parties he flew into a rage when he saw the quiet, ineffectual actor Tom Drake dancing with her, even though everyone (including Rooney) knew that Tom was gay and not the slightest bit interested, sexually, in any woman. Sinatra threatened to have his Mafia pals break Georges legs. While in Spain, the author introduced Gardner to bullfighting and several bullfighters with whom she got romantically involved, including Luis Miguel Dominguin. Ava Gardner and Sinatra article. He had a great sense of entitlement, Mr. Hughes., Hughes was racist. When I told him that my closest childhood friendwas black, he didnt call me for about six weekshe wouldnt employ blacks in his aircraft plants? She had starred in an adaptation of his The Sun Also Rises that year. If you haven't read it yet, the book's title sets up the main premise: Evelyn Hugo is an aging former Hollywood starlet who agrees to give her life story to a journalist. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance. Recalls, Gift BTW she did not have purple eyes but did have beautiful blue eyes. They also suggested she dye her hair red and undergo electrolysis to raise her hairline. [13] Gardner played the role of Guinevere in Knights of the Round Table (1953), opposite actor Robert Taylor as Sir Lancelot. She was featured in a few minor roles as the "exotic foreigner" character under the name Rita Cansino. Although famous for her free-spirited way of life, doing things as she pleased, causing scandals for which she didnt care, Gardner was also known as a professional like no other in Hollywood. She was then encouraged by studio executive Harry Cohn to change her last name to her mother's maiden name, which was of British origin. Jimmy Kind and Ava Gardner dated from August, 1958 to March, 1959. She had 7 husbands and 8 marriages (1 man she married twice). Tony Trabert and Ava Gardner dated from 1959 to 1960. Liz was so beauty in Last Time I Saw Paris. Also, her voice and demeanor had such a unique combination of warmth and elegance that I havent seen in any other highly renowned beauty from this era. Ava Gardner is rumored to have hooked up with Lana Turner in 1952. 1 year later they divorced on 25th Oct 1946. Connect any celebrity with Ava Gardner to see how closely they are linked romantically! Im so fg tired of being Ava Gardner., While their brief marriage was turbulent, Gardner thanks first husband Mickey Rooney for her sexual education. Funny you should say that, John, because that was precisely when I fell in love with her too. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Her performance as Maxine Faulk in The Night of the Iguana (1964) was well-reviewed, and she was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe. Peter Lawford and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1949. Ava just walked out on him. & Author Guidelines, B&N Besides the three marriages to Rooney, Sinatra, and Artie Shaw, Gardners life was full of tumultuous romances and affairs. It's like being with a woman. He was a sexual predator. God knows how we got away with it. The movie version of Lil Abner is one of my favourite musicals. Grobel, Lawrence. Evelyn's story feels so vivid and real, it's almost as if it was based on a real person. It even caused Turner to suffer a breakdown. Login [28] Another factor that contributed to this was the death of Gardner's father in her youth, "Nobody wanted to know Daddy when he was dying. and more from FamousFix.com, Ava Gardner, The World's Most Beautiful Animal, Sunset Memorial Park, Smithfield, North Carolina, USA, Dimple in her Chin (Cleft Chin) (This subtly distinct and gorgeous feature made her a stand-out! Program, Publisher I think Capps characters are simply wonderful. They met again briefly on the eve of his being sent overseas in the army (as an entertainer, not an infantryman I might add). Three-page set of | Lot #22009", "Frank Sinatra and Bride Fly to Miami on Honeymoon Trip", "Obituary: Benjamin Tatar/Actor was Jackie Gleason's aide, lived with Ava Gardner", "Ava Gardner Freedom From Religion Foundation", "Ava Gardner, Frank Sinatra: Biggest Bombshells from New Biography", Certified Copy of a Register of Deaths - Entry No. Husband number two was bandleader Artie Shaw, a self-confessed, very difficult man, who lived to be 94, accumulating (and discarding) eight wives along the way. She was not wearing panties. 20th Century Fox encouraged her to change her name to Marilyn after Marilyn Miller and Monroe after her mom's maiden name. She supported Henry A. Wallace of the Progressive Party, whose campaign in 1948 for the presidential election sought racial equality and desegregation. WebAva Gardner was in relationships with Ben Tatar (1973 - 1986), Prinz Alfonso von und zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1970 - 1972), George C. Scott (1964 - 1969), Claude Terrail (1961 Vic Damone and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1955. He was the biggest wolf on the lotthe little sod was not above admiring himself in the mirror. Two decades later, Evans got permission from Gardner's estate to incorporate material from those interviews into a book about his abortive tenure as her co-writer. Nobody cared if she could act or not. [26] Tatar later wrote an autobiography in which he discussed his relationship with Gardner, though the book was never published. Graduating Student at Miss Hope's (uncredited), Girl in Car Lighting Cigarette (uncredited), Audience Member (unconfirmed, uncredited). Thank you! As soon as she stepped into Hollywood, Mickey Rooney fell in love with her, and Gardner became the first of his seven wives. Al Capp called him Concertino Constipato. Kaplan, James, Frank The Voice, Doubleday, 2010, p. 416, Gable to J.R. with Ava Gardner; Peter W. Kaplan, The New York Times; February 25, 1985, Celebrating Black History Month at the Ava Gardner Museum, February 13, 2020, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama, BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, San Sebastin International Film Festival, "Ava Gardner and Mickey Rooney Divorce Papers. of the juicy tidbits bawdy Gardner told Evans: Gardner repeatedly contemplated suicide near the end of her life. Ava Gardner and Robert Evans dated from 1957 to 1958. It's very possible that Evelyn's character was an amalgamation of some of the most famous women of that era. Irving Reis and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1947. All were iconic starlets back in the day. Educators, B&N She networked and used the gossip columns to her advantage and leveraged her sex symbol status to gain advantage for herself in Hollywood. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Gardner No. She had only been in Hollywood about a year when she met the industrys number one box-office star, the diminutive Mickey Rooney. Some say hiv and others say lupus. That role and the award revitalized both Sinatra's acting and singing careers. Ava dallied in her on again off again relationship with Hughes, until he dislocated her jaw and started bugging her car (not necessarily in that order). The most beautiful woman in the world, ever..Gorgeous AVA..Breathtakingly gorgeous. Nah not Marilyn Monroe. Dont find Monroe to be all that physically she needed makeup and plastic surgery to look good without that signature mak Then there were the movies: One Touch of Venus, The Night of the Iguana, Show Boat, The Killers, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, The Barefoot Contessa, Mogambo, On the Beach, The Sun Also Rises and a few dozen others in a career that spanned four decades before it was cut short by a debilitating stroke that left part of her face slack. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. But how difficult is it really, when so many sons and daughters of stars also become stars, even winning the highest accolades in the process? [citation needed] The Ava Gardner Museum, incorporated in 1996, is located nearby. She was born Norma Jean Mortenson and bounced around to different foster homes and orphanages in the beginning stages of her life. It was an age of gossip tabloids, multiple marriages, dramatic roles, and women fighting their way to the top. Turhan Bey and Ava Gardner had an encounter in 1947. That year, she appeared in Mayerling, in which she played the supporting role of Austrian Empress Elisabeth of Austria, opposite James Mason as Emperor Franz Joseph I. Howard Duff and Ava Gardner dated from 1947 to 1950. I fell in love with Ava after seeing her in One Touch of Venus when I was bout 8 years old!! Wowwww!!!!!! Both met and worked with a man named Harry in their early days in Hollywood, and they both changed their appearances to nab more starring roles. Help keep Ava Gardner profile up to date. [22] Following their divorce in 1957, Gardner and Sinatra remained good friends for the rest of her life. Ava Gardner had encounters with Robert Stack (1969), Kirk Douglas (1963), Peter Duchin (1962), Peter O'Toole (1960), Sydney Guilaroff (1959), Johnny Stompanato (1958), Anthony Franciosa (1958), Jess Conrad (1958), Peter Viertel (1958), Ernest Hemingway (1957), Ralph Kiner (1956), Vic Damone (1955), Steve McQueen (1955), Billy Daniels (1954), Luis Miguel Domingun (1954), David Hanna (1954), Rossano Brazzi (1954), Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1954), Fernando Lamas (1952), John F. Kennedy (1952), Farley Granger (1951), Paul Brooks (1951), Curro Girn (1951), Robert Mitchum (1949), Van Heflin (1949), Peter Lawford (1949), Charles K. Feldman (1949), Mickey Cohen (1948), Huntington Hartford (1948), Greg Bautzer (1947), Irving Reis (1947), Turhan Bey (1947), Frank Ryan (1947), Helmut Dantine (1947), Paul Bryan (1947), Porfirio Rubirosa (1946), John Carroll (1946), John Huston (1946), Joseph M. Schenck (1944), Mervyn LeRoy (1944), Fred MacMurray (1944), Alexander D'Arcy (1944), David Remar (1943), Earl Muntz, Mel Torm, Dick Cowell, Bugsy Siegel and Jorge Guinle. Five years earlier, Her first appearance in a feature film was as a walk-on in the Norma Shearer vehicle We Were Dancing (1942). One night in Palm Springs, Gardner and the