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The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. . It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Made king by the minister Shura. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Son of Ajitapida. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. epic poem Son of Hiranyakula. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Son of Jayapida and Durgi. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Omissions? It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. } Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Verse 7. View Answer When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z 1 It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Gave lands to Brahmins. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Rajatarangini . Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. for this article. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Hence the correct answer is Option B. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Kalhana was a poet. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. All rights reserved. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. section. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. His family ruled for many generations. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Murdered by Radda. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Nephew of Didda. Answer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Subscribe here. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In 1380 C.E. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Request Permissions. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. After ruling indirectly and directly. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. . A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Verse 14. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. (I.191) He belonged to. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. He subdued several enemies. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Sussala's son. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Check ' ' translations into Persian. Corrections? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Translation of " " into Persian . Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Abstract. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Verse 15. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Died young. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Answer. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 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